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**The French Revolution Timeline Wiki**

 * AP Euro: Camp Hill High School**

Purpose / Big Idea:

Analyze cause & effect relationships during the French revolutionary period. Late 18th C through 1815 Analyze the meanings of primary sources during the French revolutionary period Analyze how historians have analyzed / assessed the French Revolution.

CBS News Clip: Events in Egypt []

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(Class example) || (A) Rousseau-Social Contract, 1762 ||= Enlightenment Project: however let's keep in mind Rousseau is diff. . He is the anti-hero when it comes to the philosophes. ||= He is advocating the concept of the "General Will" while critiquing abusive governments. These "pro-Third Estate" sentiments could be used writ large to intellecually justify the "actions" as well as shape the "spirit" of revolutionaries. ||= [] "AS the particular will acts constantly in opposition to the general will, the government continually exerts itself against the Sovereignty. The greater this exertion becomes, the more the constitution changes; and, as there is in this case no other corporate will to create an equilibrium by resisting the will of the prince, sooner or later the prince must inevitably suppress the Sovereign and break the social treaty. This is the unavoidable and inherent defect which, from the very birth of the body politic, tends ceaselessly to destroy it, as age and death end by destroying the human body." || []
 * Year / phase of the Revolution. Your initials || Primary Source (document ) you are analyzing || Important contextual factors: || Analysis of the primary source: || Excerpt from the document that illuminates your analysis. Please provide complete URL in addition to your excerpt. || [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/i/editor/insert_table.gif]]Similarity / difference **to events in North Africa in 2011?** ||
 * = Pre-Revolution

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//His words seem to reverberate notions of a "general will".// “Today we are proud of Egyptians,” Dr. ElBaradei told throngs who surged toward him in a square festooned with banners calling for Mr. Mubarak’s fall. “We have restored our rights, restored our freedom, and what we have begun cannot be reversed.” || (AT) ||= ( B) Political cartoon: "People under the Old Regime " ||= Social Factors: While somewhat less of a problem than in previous eras, the rich (clergy and nobility) had power over the lower classes, thus social unrest was created. ||= This cartoon depicts "the people" as a man who is chained and blindfolded, as well as under and driven by the rich classes- clergy and nobility. While class issues were present in the pre-revolutionary years, they were not often thought to be this extreme. Therefore, this perspective exaggerates the social division felt by the revolutionaries. ||= []
 * Pre-Revolution (HM) || (Y) Treaty of Alliance (1778) || During the 18th century, America was trying to gain its freedom from Great Britain. In order to lessen Great Britain influence in Europe and the rest of the world, France aided America in its fight for freedom. ||  || http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=4&page=transcript ||   ||
 * = Pre-Revolution

Political cartoon depicting "the people" being suppressed by the clergy and the nobility. || __[]__

In Tunisia, “Many were unemployed college graduates, and they angrily demanded more jobs and denounced what they called the self-enrichment of Tunisia’s ruling family.”

The social reasons for the revolution in Egypt, Tunisia, and France are all quite similar. The lower and middle classes (almost everyone except the rulers) are rebelling against the people in power. || "We ask to be enlightened, to have work, not in order to usurp men's authority, but in order to be better esteemed by them, so that we might have the means of living safe from misfortune and so that poverty does not force the weakest among us, who are blinded by luxury and swept along by example, to join the crowd of unfortunate women who overpopulate the streets and whose debauched audacity disgraces our sex and the men who keep them company." || []
 * = 1789 (AA) ||= ( C)"Petition of Women of the Third Estate to the King" (1 January 1789) || Women had no way to be able to communicate their concerns in the days and weeks leading up to the Estates-General. They feared for their statuses and only wished to become better wives, mothers, and homemakers. ||= This letter to the king outlines the women's wants to be educated and "englightened" in all ways. They ask that men not take their work, and they will not take a man's work. A main concern they had was having to resort to prostitution. Essentially, they hoped the Estates-General would be a way for them to exercise their voices. ||= []

This short list outlines who is involved in Egypt today, pretty much everyone. There are intellectuals, young people, men, women, and all economic classes. The lower classes and young people, including women in a predominantly Muslim country, are coming forward to make their voice heard, similar to the women, and men, of the Third Estate in France. || "The mob, joined by some of the King's soldiers, stormed the Bastille." || [] This video clip shows that even police forces in Tunisia are irritated by the constant revolts in their once calm country. A former member of the police force states that she is tired of being hated for the numerous murders of protesters and now stands among protesters for her lack of pay during this economic crisis. ||
 * = 1789 (TP) ||= (D) Storming of the Bastille (July 14th 1789 ) ||= An angry crowd marched to Bastille (where they wrongly believed guns and ammunition were housed) because rumor had it that the Nobility and the King intended to remove the Assembly by force. ||= This shows that not only were ordinary citizens and the common citizens of the working class involved in this revolt, but also members of the National Guard and the King's soldiers. This proves that the point of view of many were changing and turning against the Nobility and King. ||= []
 * 1789 (HM) || (V) Tennis Court Oath || The Estates General of France had been asked by King Louis XVI to meet up in order to discuss the finacial strains in France. || This oath was signed by the members of the 3rd Estate who began to call themselves the National Assembly. These members pledged to keep meeting until a formal constitution had been written. This was the first instance in which French citizens stood in opposition to King Louis, beginning the revolution in France. || []

Decrees that all members of this Assembly shall immediately take a solemn oath not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated upon firm foundations; and that, the said oath taken, all members and each one of them individually shall ratify this steadfast resolution by signature. ||  ||
 * 1789 (HM) || (W) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen || The 3rd estate had been banned from convening with the other two estates of France. The members of the 3rd estate congregated in a nearby tennis court and signed an oath to create a constitution for the people of France. || The completed document was titled the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This constitution included freedoms for all citizens of France. || []

The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all. ||  ||
 * = 1790 (AT) ||= ( E) "Abolition of Nobility" (June 19th 1790) || Issues among social classes and unrest of the lower class led to this inevitable change among the nobility. ||= This decree abolishes hereditary nobility and titles. The document does not only legally do this, but also those aspects that seemed particularly contrary to reason. ||= []

“ The titles of Your Royal Highness and Your Royal Highnesses shall not be bestowed upon any group or individual, nor shall the titles of Excellency, Highness, Eminence, Grace, etc.” || []

This decree shows during the revolution, that the nobility in France began to make changes, slowly but surely. This is what the unemployed and revolting people would hope for in both Egypt and Tunisia. This proves that eventually, concessions will be made and conclusions will be met. || (AQ) || (F) The Civil Constitution of the Clergy' ||= The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was used by the National Assembly to help the financial crisis. The new constitution took land away from the churches and significantly reduced the power of the Catholic Church, which angered many of its followers. ||= This cartoon shows the Catholic Church as a large priest and the National Assembly is taking him away for his land. Therefore, reducing the Church's power ||= http://www.historywiz.com/civilconst-clergy.htm "This legislation (and legislation imediately before and after it) significantly reduced the power of the Catholic Church. The Church had been the largest landowner in France. The state took over this fortune in property and issued a paper currency, assignats, backed by confiscated church property." || http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/03/world/middleeast/03egypt.html?ref=middleeast The legislation of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy brought tensions between the people of the Catholic Church and the people that ran France at the time. This is similar to the situation in Egypt where tensions are escalating over the people of Egypt and Mubarak's followers. Both tensions ended in violence. || Political cartoon, click to view. Seems to be from the point of view of the increasingly powerful Third Estate. || []
 * 1790 || (X) The Civil Constitution of the Clergy || Philosophes such as Robespierre pushed for the seperation of Church and State and Third Estaters continued to try take control over the government. ||  || [] ||   ||
 * = 1790
 * = 1791 (AA) || (G)Political Cartoon: "The Three Estates after the Constitution of 1791" ||= Third Estate felt the need to trump the Nobles of the higher estates as the differences between the bourgeoisie (3rd Estate) and said nobles declined as they became more and more alike yet Third Estaters did not receive any benefits similar to nobility. ||= The cartoon depicts the triumphant Third Estate as a peasant rides upon the back of members of the First and Second Estate. He essentially represents the fact that the commoners, merchants, bourgeoisie, etc., no longer support the upper estates. ||= []

The reasons for the revolution in Egypt is quite similar to the basis of the French Revolution. It is a revolution from the bottom up -- the working class and almost everyone except the ruling powers are rebelling. They want solutions for poverty, unemployment, corruption and an autocratic government.

The link is pretty interesting, it even has contextual articles. || Painting depicts that the King is only a few feet from freedom. This seems to be in the point of view of the Parisian people watching their King try to leave them. || [] Unlike Louis XVI in the French Revolution, the president stayed in Tunisia rather than flee his country; "There were reports that some relatives of the president were leaving the country for their own safety." || (JK) || (I) Political Cartoon: "Mob placing the red cap of liberty on the Kings head" ||= Radical Parisian political groups and the National Guard organized a mob attack on theLegislative Assembly and royal family and the at their palace at Tuileries. ||= This cartoon shows the mob attacking the palace of Tuileries, the place at which the royal family was held under house arrest. They captured the King and made him wear the "red cap of liberty" which was a symbol for the revolution. This shows how they wanted the King to change his views on matters such as the clergy but he denied them. ||= [] Cartoon showing the angry mob at Tuileries, placing the red cap on the King's head that signifies liberty || [] During the revolution in France, the people wore red to symbolize liberty and freedom. Today, in Egypt, the people march into Cairo with signs and chants that illustrate what they want done for their country. Protestors have tore down signs and statues of President Mubarak also. || (HM) || ( J)"Brunswick Manifesto" (1792) || The French Revolution was raging on in France during this time. Other countries in Europe greatly feared that this revolution would spark similar revolutions, potentially destroying other monarchies. ||= This document was issued by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, and commander of the Allied Army, made up of Prussians and Austrians. It threatened to harm French civilians if the royal family of France was harmed. ||= http://history.hanover.edu/texts/bruns.htm
 * = 1791 (TP) ||= (H) "Louis XVI Stopt [sic] in his Flight at Varennes " ||= The King and his royal family attempted to flee Paris and head north. However, they only made it to Varennes where they were forcibly returned to Paris. The King was forgiven by the Assembly but he had lost the trust of the people of Paris. ||= This picture shows King Louis XVI and his royal family fleeing Paris and leaving his people behind. This proves that Louis XVI approach to solving all of the riots, revolts and economic turmoil had changed and from his point of view the only way to freedom was escaping. ||= []
 * = 1792
 * = 1792

This document states that all French civilians who cause harm to the royal family of France, the Bourbons, will be harmed themselves. || http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/emergency_law_in_egypt

The Emergency law in Egypt resembles the Brunswick Manifesto as it allows for the Egyptian government to restrict the freedoms of the Egyptian people and brutalize those who try to act against the government. Illegal arrests and seizures of any and all property are also allowed. || (ML) || (K)"Constitution of 1793" ||= National Convention's main goal when they came to power in 1792 was to create a new, republican constitution. This was completed only after the purge of the Girondins-- radical phase of the Revolution. ||= This demonstrates the commitment of the Convention to political democracy (universal male suffrage, equal application of law to all citizens, inviolability of personal property, etc.). Provided model framework for egalitarian, democratic republic. ||= http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/browse/texts/# The Constitution guarantees all Frenchmen equality, liberty, security, property, public debt, freedom of worship, public schooling, public relief, unrestricted freedom of the press, the right to assemble in groups, and the enjoyment of all the rights of man. || http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/02/world/middleeast/02egypt.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&ref=global-home This excerpt of an article demonstrates Egyptian people's need for democracy and the fact that this is quite noticeable to other countries, as well: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey -- whose country is often held up as a model of Western-style democracy within a predominantly Islamic nation -- canceled a visit to Egypt planned for next week, urging Mr. Mubarak to "listen to people's outcries and extremely humanistic demands" and to "meet the freedom demands of people without a doubt." || (AQ) ||= (L) "The Reign of Terror " ||= The Reign of Terror was the period of time that the factions of the Girondins and the Jacobins used violence to get rid of the enemies of the revolution. The violence was brought on by the ideas and word of Robespierre. ||= The etching shows the way that the faction leaders would meet in order to plan the killing of the people who were enemies of the revolution. ||= http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchfr.php?function=find&keyword=reign+of+terror&x=0&y=0# "The extremely respectful view of //sans–culotte// militancy is evident in this image, engraved by the revolutionary sculptor Berthault and based on a painting by Fragonard, the son of the famous old regime painter. Imitating an old master’s interior scene, it shows a committee somberly meting out revolutionary justice." || http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/egypt/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=egypt&st=cse The Reign of Terror was a period of violence and the killing of enemies of the revolution, however the protests in Egypt up until now have been violent free. Also, the actions of the San-Culotte during the Reign of Terror were planned attacks where as the protest in Egypt came up as an answer to those in Tunisia, meaning they were not really planned. || (NL) ||= ( M)Political Cartoon: "The Death of Robespierre" || The National Convention began to rely heavily on the radical Committee of Public Safety, headed by Robespierre. A Reign of Terror ensued, clad with warfare, dechristianization, and widespread executions through the guillotine. ||= This cartoon illustrates the death of Robespierre and thus the decline of the Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre turned many away with his violence and pursuit of the elusive Republic of Virtue. This shows the anti-Robespierre coalition triumph, which gave way to the Thermidorean Reaction. ||= http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/11/ Political cartoon showing guillotine of Robespierre by men wearing "red bonnets representing liberty." || http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/15/AR2011011503639.html While the citizens of France put their tyrannical, radical committee leader to death, the people of Tunisia overthrew their President of 23 years roughly two weeks ago. Both revolts show the taking over of a repressive figurehead by any means necessary. || (ML) ||= ( N) Decree of the National Convention of 4 February,1794, Abolishing Slavery in all the Colonies || Slavery in the French colonies (Caribbean islands) since the time of settlement. Revolutions sparked opportunities/idea for freedom. News traveled slowly from the colonies back to France, and first word of the emancipations in Saint Domingue aroused suspicion, if not hostility, in National Convention. ||= Many of original members of Society of the Friends of Blacks, such as Lafayette, Brissot, and Condorcet, had either fled country or killed by guillotine for opposing the faction now dominant in National Convention (Robespierre). But 3 delegates from the island explained the situation of slavery to the Convention, provoked enthusiasm, and therefore caused the Convention to vote to abolish slavery. ||= http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchfr.php?function=find&start=91# "This document declares the abolition of Negro slavery in all the colonies; in consequence it decrees that all men, without distinction of color, residing in the colonies are French citizens and will enjoy all the rights assured by the constitution." || http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/02/world/middleeast/02egypt.html?pagewanted=1&sq=egypt&st=cse&scp=5 The causes for the events in Egypt are not so different from the desires of the slaves in the French colonies during the French Revolution. Both groups of people desire freedom (freedom from oppression) and, especially, civil rights. This excerpt from a NY Times article exemplifies such desires of the Egyptian people: ...each day in the square, new cries have rung out--a new constitution, the removal of the ruling party and a trial of Mr. Mubarak and his cronies. "Welcome to a free Egypt," went one cry. || (JK) || (O)"Constitution of 1795 " ||= Established tha national legislative assembly to avoid the dangers of another single assembly.This new assembly called for two chambers: the lower house, the Council of 500, and the upper, the Council of Elders. ||= This source shows how the French began to notice that their political system was unfair and that they needed yet another change. With this new Constitution of 1795, a judicial body was created. The creation of this branch meant that the legislative body would now be checked of its powers and the legislation process would finally slow. ||= [] The excerpt demonstrates how this constitution sought to ensure a moderate continuation of the Revolution, which would reconcile a stable social order based on personal liberty with juridical equality rather than the direct democracy and guarantees of social and economic equality contained in the Constitution of 1793. || [] In France during this time in the revolution, many were looking at the governing body and noticing the powers that it held. These powers were not distributed equally and the people of France looked to change that with the Consitution of 1795. In current day Egypt, President Mubarak holds all of the power. Such as the French did, the Egyptian people are protesting the amount of power that Mubarak has. This has turned into a revolution for the Egyptian people. || (CM) ||= ( P)"Diary of a Woman at Fifty" || With Directory in control, some emigres are making their way back into France when the leaders of the government are appearing more and more similar to the nobility that left, with vices and corruption. ||= This woman's thoughts seem to sum up some thoughts of governmental figures of the time, that they were falling prey to corruption and impeding France's recovery and advancement, becoming indistinguishable from the figures that once seemed so heinous. ||= []
 * = 1793
 * = 1793
 * = 1794
 * = 1794
 * = 1795 ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * = 1795
 * = 1796

"He [Monsieur de Talleyrand] had arrived at her house and, throwing his purse which contained only several //louis// onto the table, told her, 'Here's the remainder of my fortune. Tomorrow I'm a minister...'" || []

Although this gives a rough list of some power players and influential groups in the Egyptian revolts, it is really too early to see replacement government figures lapsing into the same ways of old ones, or even to know who might be possible government figure replacements. || HM || (Q) Second Treaty of San Ildefonso ||= This was a treaty between France and Spain to become allies and join forces against Great Britain. ||= During the last quarter of the 18th century, Britain and France were struggling for control in Europe. Both countries desired to have the most influence over Europe and the "new world". ||=  ||   || (CM) ||= (Z) Rise of the Right Leading to the Coup of 18 Fructidor: Proclamation of 9 September 1797 ||= This occured when the Directory was in power, with the first open legislative elections in a long time. ||= Many right-wing ,and even some royalist, representatives were poised to enter the legislature, so to avoid challenges to Directory power, the Directory annuled the results, saying they had uncovered a right-wing plot to overthrow the republic as their reason. ||= []
 * = 1796
 * = 1797

"A royalist plot, whose organization has been long in the making and which has been skillfully woven and patiently sustained, has threatened the integrity of this trust. The Executive Directory discovered the plan and arrested the guilty parties, while the Legislative Body immediately took the necessary measures." || []

This article shows that Mubarak may have used police forces at his disposal to quell dissent in Cairo, very similar to the Directory covering up getting rid of unwanted legislative elects by citing anti-government conspiracy. || (IA) || (R) Political Cartoon: "Bonaparte Closing the Farce of Egalite" (1799) ||= Napoleon overthrows the Directory and takes control of France. ||= This cartoon illustrates Napoleon's final move in seizing France. Due to the instability of the Council of Five Hundred, Napoleon was able to expel the Council from its chamber and proclaim himself as leader of France, 1st Consul. ||= depicting Napoleon seizing France and installing himself as 1st Consul. || [|Egypt Power Shift]
 * = 1797 ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * = 1798 ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * = 1798 ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * = 1799 ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   ||   ||
 * = 1799

This situation is similar to the "revolution" taking place in Egypt in 2011, and could possibly foreshadow events to come. Much like France, a weakened Egypt and its government is susceptible to a coup similar to Napoleons. || (IA) || (S)Political Cartoon: "The Plumb-pudding in Danger" (1805) ||= After Napoleon overthrows the Directory of France, he sets out to seize the rest of Europe. ||= This source shows how Napoleon sets out to take over Europe, but Great Britain remains in the way of him seizing complete control. The cartoon depicts how even with the Emperor's use of the Continental Blockade, Napoleon was unable to ever seize England. ||= [|Click Here For Cartoon] Depicts Napoleon's attempt at taking control of Europe. || [|Egypt's Future Unclear]
 * = 1800-1805

Much as Napoleon was able to seize power of European countries like Austria in 1804, Egypt is in a position where anyone could come in and replace Mubarak. Any number of people or groups could seize power as the tensions continue to rise. || (NL) || ( T)"The Concordat of 1801" || With his position and power as "first consul," Napoleon Bonaparte set out to make peace with the Catholic Church in an attempt to stabilize his regime. || This text shows how religion and the state are connected. The Concordat was a two way deal, as concessions were made on both sides for agreement and peace to ensue--state can nominate bishops, church can hold processions, etc. In the end, the church and the government were no longer enemies. || http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showkb.php?org_id=867&kb_header_id=826&order=kb_rank%20ASC&kb_id=1496 "After this mutual recognition, as much for the benefit of religion as for maintaining internal peace, they have agreed upon the following: Article 1--The Catholic, Apostolic and Roman religion will be freely exercised in France. It's worship will be public, and in conformity with such police regulations as the Government shall consider necessary to public peace [...] Article 6-- [...]the bishops will take [...] the oath of loyalty: I swear and promise before God to observe obedience and loyalty to the Government established by the Constitution of the French Republic..." || http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/youth-need-vision-not-revolt-in-the-muslim-world Napoleon needed to reconcile the tainted relationship between the Catholic church and the French state. However, in the revolts in the Middle East, no such mass reconciliation would be needed as the protestors' faith is very much intact. There was no great religious schism in Tunisia as there was in France, and the people in revolt seem to still rely on religion as a guiding force and to regard it as a personal--not political--matter. || VD || analysis: This painting portrays the death of Lord Nelson, the commanding admiral of the fleet of England. This work glorifies the act of dying for one's country, an enlightenment idea. Nelson remains an important historical figure, for he represents this romantic idea of giving up your life for bettering the lives of your people. || context: There were tensions between France and England because England's royals felt threatened by France's revolution against the monarchy. There were multiple battles between these two nations as well as France v. Russia, Austria, and Germany. Before the Battle of Trafalgar, there was a brief period of peace. ||  || Primary source: || http://www.metmuseum.org/special/jmw_turner/view_1.asp?item=5 ||
 * 1800-1805
 * 1805-1815 || ( U) Painting: "Battle of Trafalgar" by JMW Turner

In Egypt, every death and every lost loved one separated the two groups more and more. Over 600 people have died for what they believe in, much like the French and English during the Battle of Trafalgar.
 * 1805-1815 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 1805-1815 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

VD || "The Execution of Robespierre and His Followers" painting by Jonnard || Maximillian Robespierre abused his power during the reign of terror. He was able to execute anyone suspected of being a counter-revolutionary without just cause. || analysis: This painting is an engraving of Robespierre being taken to the guillotine because it was thought that this method of execution was the most humane. Enlightenment ideas, such as civil rights, were inclusive to criminals as well as individual citizens. || http://www.artchive.com/web_gallery/A/(after)-Renaud,-Henri/The-Execution-of-Robespierre-and-his-Followers-in-1794,-engraved-by-Jonnard.html || In today's modern world, we try to be as humane as possible when prisoners are executed. Lethal injection, hangings, and the electric chair are all considered painless and humane ways of execution. ||
 * 1794